GRAMMAR

In these links you will find exercises to see if you understand the theory. We recommend you to do because it is very important to learn grammar practice. Come on, test your level of grammar!

http://carmenlu.com/grammar1_6.htm  

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/exercises

http://www.theyellowpencil.com/gramatica.html

Personal pronouns

I (jo - sempre s'escriu amb majúscula)

you (tu, vostè, la persona amb qui parles)

he (ell)

she (ella)

it (allò, qualsevol cosa o animal)

we (nosaltres, és a dir, altres persones i jo)

you (vosaltres, vostès, o sigui, les persones a les quals parles)

they (ells/elles: persones, coses o animals)

Els adjectius possessius

Expressen possessió i són els següents:

My dog (el meu gos)

Your house (la teva casa)

His flat (el seu pis, d’ell)

Her hat (el seu barret, d’ella)

Its legs (les seves potes, d’una cosa o d’un animal)

Our teacher (el nostre professor)

Your school (la vostra escola)

Their exams (els seus exàmens, d’ells o elles)

Question words

Who? Qui?

When?Quan? 

What? Què?

How? Com?

Where? On?

Why? Per que?

 

Verb TO BE

El verb to be  té tres formes: am, is, are.
Per posar-lo en negativa hi afegim la partícula not, però a la conversa s'utilitzen més les formes abreujades.

Usos del verb to be:

1. Per expressar definicions i fets generals: You are a good friend (Ets un bon amic)

2. Per expressar sentiments i situacions: I am sad (Estic trist)

3. Per dir els anys: How old are you? I am twelve years old (Quants anys tens? Tinc 12 anys)

4. Amb religions, professions i nacionalitats: My father is a doctor (El meu pare és metge)

5. Per expressar el valor de les coses: How much this book? (Quant val aquest llibre?)

Afirmativa	Formes abreujades	Negativa	Formes abreujades	Interrogativa	Respostes breus
I am	I’m	I am not	I’m not	Am I...?	Yes, I am
You are	You’re	You are not	You aren’t	Are you...?	Yes, you are
He/she/it is	He/she/it’s	He/she/it is not	He/she/it isn’t	Is he/she/it...?	Yes, he is
We are	We’re	We are not	We aren’t	Are we...?	Yes, we are
You are	You’re	You are not	You aren’t	Are you...?	Yes, you are
They are	They’re	They are not	They aren’t	Are they...?	Yes, they are

Have got/ Has got

El verb have got expressa possessió i es tradueix per tenir i prendre. És igual per a totes les persones excepte la tercera del singular, en què have es converteix en has.

Per fer la negativa posem not darrere de have o has, tot i que són molt més freqüents les formes abreujades.

Per posar-lo en interrogativa cal canviar l’ordre i col·locar el subjecte entre have i got.

Afirmativa	Formes abreujades	Negativa	Formes abreujades	Interrogativa	Respostes breus
I have got	I’ve got	I have not got	I haven’t got	Have I got...?	Yes, I have
You have got	You’ ve got	You have not got	You haven’t got	Have you got...?	Yes, you have
He/she/it has got	He/she/it’s got	He/she/it has not got	He/she/it hasn’t got	Has he/she/it got...?	Yes, he has
We have got	We’ ve got	We have not got	We haven’t got	Have we got...?	Yes, we have
You have got	You’ ve got	You have not got	You haven’t got	Have you got...?	Yes, you have
They have got	They’ ve got	They have not got	They haven’t got	Have they got...?	Yes, they have

Irregular plurals

Alguns noms fan el plural sense seguir cap regla i cal aprendre’ls de memòria perquè són paraules molt utilitzades.

Man	Men (homes)
Woman	Women (dones)
Child	Children (nens i nenes)
Person	People (persones, gent)
Foot	Feet (peus)
Tooth	Teeth (dents)
Mouse	Mice (ratolins)

També hi ha noms d’animals que es diuen de la mateixa manera en singular i en plural.

Fish	Fish (peix, peixos)
Deer	Deer (cérvol, cérvols)
Sheep	Sheep (ovella, ovelles)

This, that, these, those

This (singular) i these (plural) els utilitzem per parlar de coses o persones que són a prop de nosaltres, mentre que that i those fan referència a les coses o persones que són lluny.

This i that poden anar amb noms comptables en singular o noms no comptables, però these i those només poden utilitzar-se amb noms comptables en plural.

De vegades, en lloc d’acompanyar el nom aquests demostratius van sols: This is a pencil (Això és un llapis), These are my friends (Aquestes són les meves amigues).

Singular	Plural
This (aquest)	These (aquests)
That (aquell)	Those (aquells)

Present Simple en afirmativa

És com la forma base del verb. És igual per a totes les persones tret de la tercera del singular (he/she/it) que porta una s final.

I speak

You speak

He/she/it speaks

We speak

You speak

They speak

Fixa’t en aquest quadre perquè els següents verbs afegeixen les lletres es en lloc d’una s.

Base form	Present simple	Spelling rules
Guess Wash Watch Mix	Guesses Washes Watches Mixes	Els acabats en –s o en un so semblant, com ara sh, ch o x.
Do Go	Does Goes	Els acabats en –o.
Study Try	Studies Tries	Els acabats en consonant + y, abans canvien  la y per una i.

Present Simple en negativa i interrogativa

Per passar a negativa un verb en Present Simple hem d’utilitzar do not. Però a la tercera persona del singular la forma correcta és does not.

Per fer preguntes amb un verb en Present Simple col·loquem l'auxiliar do al començament, davant del subjecte i el verb principal. Recorda que a la tercera persona del singular cal posar does.

Negativa	Formes abreujades	Interrogativa	Respostes breus
I do not speak	I don’t speak	Do I know...?	Yes, I do
You do not speak	You don’t speak	Do you know...?	Yes, you do
He/she/it does not speak	He/she/it doesn’t speak	Does  he/she/it know...?	Yes, he/she/it does
We do not speak	We don’t speak	Do we know...?	Yes, we do
You do not speak	You don’t speak	Do you know...?	Yes, you do
They do not speak	They don’t speak	Do they know...?	Yes, they do

Can/ can’t

El verb can és un verb modal, la qual cosa vol dir que és especial, perquè no necessita el verb to do per fer preguntes o per negar, no porta s a la tercera persona singular del present i a més va seguir de verbs en infinitiu. Es tradueix com a poder o saber.

La forma negativa és can’t.

La forma interrogativa es fa: Can+subjecte+verb...?

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I can swim	I can’t	Can I come...?
You can swim	You can’t	Can you come...?
He/she/it can swim	He/she/it can’t	Can he/she/it come...?
We can swim	We can’t	Can we come...?
You can swim	You can’t	Can you come...?
They can swim	They can’t	Can they come...?

Past Simple

Regular verbs

Afirmativa:

I worked.

You worked.

He worked.

She worked.

It worked.

We worked.

You worked.

They worked. 

Forma afirmativa:

Subjecte + infinitiu del verb sense to + ed. I watched TV yesterday.

 

Ortografia

* En la majoria dels verbs, s'afegeix -ed a l'infinitiu sense to.
work - worked
* En verbs acabats en -e, s'afegeix-d.
live - lived
* En verbs acabats en consonant +y, la y se substitueix per-ied.
study - studied
* En verbs acabats en consonant+vocal+consonant, la consonant es duplica i s'afegeix-ed. 

travel - travelled

 

Irregular verbs

El passat simple d'alguns verbs anglesos no acaba en-ed, sinó que té una forma irregular, que és la mateixa per a tothom.

`have 'es converteix en` had' 

I had

You had

He had

She had

It had

We had

You had

They had

Els verbs irregulars no segueixen normes ortogràfiques generals, per això s'han d'aprendre de memòria.

Aquí teniu la llista de verbs irregulars: http://www.polseguera.com/freegrammar/verbsirregulars.htm

Irregular and regular verbs

Negativa

I didn't work.

You didn't work.

He didn't work.

She didn't work.

It didn't work.

We didn't work.

You didn't work.

They didn't work.

Interrogativa

Did I work? Yes, I did or No, I didn't

Did you work?

Did he work?

Did she work?

Did it work?

Did we work?

Did you work?

Did they work?

En les frases negatives i interrogatives, així com en les respostes breus, l'auxiliar és el mateix per a tothom.

Recorda:

* En les frases negatives i interrogatives, sempre s'ha d'utilitzar l'infinitiu del verb sense to.

She didn't phone her

No es pot dir: She didn't phoned her.

Did you study yesterday?

No es pot dir: Did you studied yesterday?

* En les preguntes que contenen partícules interrogatives (what, when, who, why, where), aquestes es col · loquen davant de l'auxiliar did.

Where did you go?

Who did he visit?

Present Continuous

Utilitzem el Present Continuous quan diem el que està passant en el moment de parlar. Es fa amb el present del verb to be+un verb amb gerundi, és a dir, amb la terminació ing.

La negativa es fa posant not darrere del verb to be. A la conversa sempre s’utilitzen les formes abreujades.

La interrogativa es fa posant el verb to be davant del subjecte i després el verb en gerundi.

El Present Simple s’utilitza per parlar dels nostres costums i de fets habituals o que esdevenen amb regularitat, mentre que el Present Continuous diu allò que està esdevenint en el moment present.

El Present Continuous també pot tenir valor de futur i ens servirà per anunciar fets que esdevindran amb tota seguretat en un futur proper.

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I am eating	I am not eating	Am I eating?
You are eating	You aren’t eating	Are you eating?
He/she/it is eating	He/she/it isn’t eating	Is he/she/it eating?
We are eating	We aren’t eating	Are we eating?
You are eating	You aren’t eating	Are you eating?
They are eating	They aren’t eating	Are they eating?

There is/ there are

Les formes impersonals there is i there are es tradueixen per hi ha. 

There is pot anar seguit de:

a. Un nom comptable en singular: There is a book (Hi ha un llibre)

b. Un nom no comptable: sugar (sucre), wine (vi), wood (fusta), oil (oli)

There are només pot anar seguit de noms comptables en plural: pencils (llapis), friends (amics).

Per posar aquests verbs en negativa utilitzem not, i generalment any davant dels noms no comptables i comptables en plural: There isn't a book on the table (No hi ha un llibre a la taula).

I per fer preguntes amb aquestes formes impersonals es col·loca primer el verb to be i després there: Is there any milk in the fridge? (Hi ha llet a la nevera?)

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
There is a book in the bag	There isn’t a book in the bag	Is there a book in the bag?
There are two books in the bag	There aren’t two books in the bag	Are there two books in the bag?

Countable and uncountable nouns: a, an, some, any

Any: Utilitzem any en comtes de some en frases negatives i interrogatives.

There are some apples on the table - There aren't any apples on the table - Are there any apples on the table?

 

Countable nouns		Uncountable nouns
Singular	Plural
Banana Orange	Bananas Oranges	Water Bread
We use a before a noun beginning with a consonant. We use an before a noun beginning with a vowel. A banana An orange	We use some before a plural noun Some bananas Some oranges In the plural we usually add s to the noun. When a word ends with the letters s, sh, ch, x, o, we add es in the plural A bus - buses A dish - dishes When a word ends in y A baby - babies A toy - toys	We use some before uncountable nouns There is no plural form Some water Some bread